Alcohol Consumption For Male And Female Students Study The...

Legislative changes are aimed at improving New Zealand s drinking culture, to reduce the harm caused by excessive drinking, however alcohol has become more readily available in more places over the years (New Zealand Government, 1989, 1999, 2012, 2013). Previous studies have continued to question whether such changes have made a difference in our drinking culture. The purpose of this report is to focus on the comparison of alcohol consumption for male/ female students studying the General and Applied Psychology with the Open Polytechnic of New Zealand, past or present. This experiment compares male/ female drinking habits and consumption for the last 12 months. It is hypothesised that male and female patterns of alcohol consumption are different, as past studies have shown that males consume alcohol than females (XXXXXX). It is important to note that one standard drink is 12.5mls or 10 grams of pure alcohol, or one can or stubbie of beer, half a large bottle of beer, one small glass of wine or one double nip of spirits. The recommended amount of standard drinks on one occasion is 6 standard drinks for men, or 4 standard drinks for women. Male and Female Student Alcohol Consumption Comparison. - Overview of main topic(s), key terms defined - Previous research and theories introduced, clear links to current study, comments on limitations. - Summarises major points from the review of literature, states rationale and aim of the study, ends with hypothesis(es). -Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Alcohol Consumption For 100 Current And Past Male / Female Essay1467 Words   |  6 Pageschanging New Zealand s alcohol laws in December 2012 and December 2013 (New Zealand Government, 1989, 1999, 2012, 2013) were aimed at improving New Zealand s drinking culture and reducing the harm caused by excessive drinking, however alcohol has become more readily available in more places over the years. Previous studies have continued to look at whether such changes have made a difference to our drinking culture. The purpose of this report is to focus on the comparison of alcohol consumption forRead MoreAlcohol Consumption For Female Students Studying The General And Applied Psychology With The Open Polytechnic Of New Zealand Essay1986 Words   |  8 Pagesthis report is to provide a comparison of alcohol consumption for male/ female students studying the General and Applied Psychology with the Open Polytechnic of New Zealand, past or present. This report compares male/ female drinking habits and their consumption habits for the last 12 months, as it is hypothesised that male and female patterns of alcohol consumption are very different, as previous studies have discovered. Data collected from 100 students, using an online questionnaire to analyseRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesIntroduction to Statistics and Data Analysis This page intentionally left blank Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis Third Edition Roxy Peck California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Chris Olsen George Washington High School, Cedar Rapids, IA Jay Devore California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Australia †¢ Brazil †¢ Canada †¢ Mexico †¢ Singapore †¢ Spain †¢ United Kingdom †¢ United States Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, ThirdRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesnot in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning or its author endorse you or your use of the work). 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The Morphing of Child Pornography Essay - 732 Words

Morphing of Child Porn At issue before the Circuit Courts has been the constitutionality of the 1996 Child Pornography Prevention Act (CPPA) in which Congress sought to modernize federal law by enhancing its ability to combat child pornography in the cyberspace era(Free Speech). There is a split in the circuit courts regarding this bill, and this essay will address the discrepancy. This piece of legislation classifies an image that appears to be or conveys the impression of a minor engaging in sexually explicit acts as virtual child pornography. Such images include a photograph of a real child that may be scanned, replicated and manipulated by computer to create a sexually-oriented photo, or a wholly fake child†¦show more content†¦Hilton, that the CPPAs definition of child pornography withstands constitutional scrutiny. The First Circuit found itself firmly satisfied that it is well within Congresss power to regulate virtual pornography of minors of all ages.(United) The Ninth Circuit recognized there is a compelling interest in banning child pornography but stated that the U.S. Supreme Court in Ferber implicitly rejected the regulation of pornography that does not involve minors. Where the Ninth Circuit had hinged its ruling on the existence of an actual live child, the First Circuit instead focused upon the social ills of the pornography itself. The First Circuit explained that The governments interest in addressing these forms of child pornography is no less powerful than in instances where an actual child is used and abused during the production process. We will not second-guess Congresss decision to address the social ills posed by the various types of virtual child pornography.(United) Along the same lines, the Eleventh Circuit, in United States v. Acheson, centered its decision around the Congressional purpose for enactment of CPPA - the harmful effects of the childShow MoreRelatedA Short Note On Lacunae s Laws Protecting Children Against Online Sexual Abuse5335 Words   |  22 Pagesglaring flipside, the concern over growing child abuse cases on the Internet. Reliable statistics point that India is home to 19% of World’s children and the production and distribution of child abuse images has become a rampant problem in India. According to a 2007 study conducted by Ministry of Women and Child Welfare in India, wherein over 12,000 children were studied for child abuse, 4.4% of them were found to have been victims of child pornography. Children face a number of threats in the onlineRead MoreThe Skull Beneath the Skin Comparative Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesSleep (1946) and P.D. James Revenge Tragedy The Skull Beneath the Skin (1982), and related texts, Ag atha Christies classic detective story Murder on the Orient Express (1933) and Ray Lawrences psychological film Lantana (2001), I will explore the morphing and changing of the crime fiction genre and its conventions to ((QUESTION)). This transforming nature of the genre is exemplified by comparing and contrasting each composers representation of, firstly, the detective and the art of detection andRead More The Politics of Contemporary Approaches to Shakespeare Essay3166 Words   |  13 Pagescommon, historical and regional significance. Hamlets bedroom walls are covered with an assortment of portraits including Martin Luther (go not to Wittenberg Hamlet 1.2.119), Malcom X and Che Guevara. The performance takes place over Halloween. A child dressed as a ghost passes Hamlet shortly before he talks to his mother and kills Polonius, cardboard cutouts of ghosts and witches decorate the grocery store windows near Ophelias office and children dressed as witches and ghosts pass Hamlet as h e

Negotiating Meaning and Power Resistance Relations †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Negotiating Meaning and Power Resistance Relations. Answer: Introduction Samsung is the South Korean business conglomerate headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul. Lee Byung-chul founded the organization in the year 1938. Samsung group has diversified business units and have ventured in sectors like food processing, insurance, retail and securities and textiles. Samsung ventured into electronic industry in the late 1960s and has globalized its operations since then in various countries across the globe (samsung.com/in/ 2017). The main source of income for Samsung has been from mobile phone and semi-conductors. Any business organization should abide by certain business ethics like following strict policies and practices to avoid potentially controversial issues which can adversely affect the interests of the stakeholders of business organization and can tarnish the reputation of the business in the long run. Some examples of such controversial issues are related to corporate governance, labor exploitation, insider trading, bribery, discrimination, and issues related to Corporate Social Responsibilities of the business organization. In this era of globalization, the business environment has become highly competitive and volatile (Robbins and Judge 2013). A business organization focuses on continuous growth and innovation to achieve high performance and to sustain high competition of the marketplace. However, the sole purpose of business organization should not only focus on creating value for shareholders and concentrate on profitability, but to also focus on creating long term value for its stakeholders. The stakeholders of a business include the government, suppliers, shareholders and investors, society, employees and customers. Samsung Electronics got involved in controversies related to exploitation of young workers in China. One of the largest smart-phone maker and mobile phone manufacturers of the world, Samsung Electronics got involved in ethical issues recently. Organizations like Samsung outsource their manufacturing facilities in developing countries like China to cut labor- cost. Globalization has provided with the necessary law and infrastructure for this type of outsourcing activities which are conducted by many global organizations across the world. Thus, the employees working in developing nations play a crucial role in ensuring that the global organizations like Samsung can maintain a strong, robust and continuous flow of the supply chain activities. The workforce in the manufacturing division of global organizations like Samsung is an important stakeholder of business. The workforce in developing nations like China often comprises of young workers who are forced to work overtime for a meager amount of money which enables organizations like Samsung to achieve cost advantage. Incorporating ethi cal practices are of paramount importance for an organization (Ford and Richardson 2013). Chinese activist Li Quang established a New York based organization called the China Labor Watchdog in 2000. This organization investigated six Samsung-owned manufacturing plants and two manufacturing facilities owned by suppliers of Samsung. Eight plants in China were investigated which produced mobile phones, printers, home appliances, mobile displays, DVD players, TV components and media players. The staffs of the manufacturing plants in China included more than 24,000 workers. During the investigation it was found that the young workers were not allowed to sit during shift timings and were subjected to poor work conditions. Samsung Electronics was accused of exploiting young workers in China. These employees of Samsung were physically and verbally abused and they were forced to work for more than 100 hours of overtime every month. Samsung did not follow safety measures in manufacturing plan ts and workers were not provided with protective clothing to handle risky activities in the manufacturing plants. HEG electronics which was a supplier of Samsung was allegedly using child labor. In China it is illegal to hire employees under the age of 16 but it is legal to hire employees in the age bracket of 16 to 18 years. It has been revealed by China Labor Watch that Samsung leveraged this legal advantage and hired workers under the age of 18 in majority of its factories. It was alleged that the management of The SEHZ (Huizhou Samsung Electronics Co) changed the name on the ID card of the young person and workers could enter factories with fake identity cards. Similar allegations were made against SSKMT (Shenzhen Samsung Kejian Mobile Telecommunication Technology). SEHZ had 10, 000 workers and Samsung had 90 % stake in it. Samsung owned 60 % stake of SSKMT. Tianjin Intops and Tianjin Chaarmtech Electronics were suppliers of Samsung who were alleged to pay workers so less that t hey were forces to work overtime. Workers were paid meager amount of $206 or 1310 renminbi monthly. It has been claimed that Samsung was well aware of the fact that underage workers of China made use of fake identity cards to find employment opportunities. The workers in manufacturing facilities of China had no medium or channel to express their grievances related to poor work condition or to lodge any complain to the legal system(theguardian.com 2017).This highlights major flaws in the entire hiring and supervision process in the manufacturing units of Samsung in China. SWOT Analysis for Samsung Case Strength Samsung follows ethical practices and have been striving to create an organizational culture that abides by ethical guidance. Samsung is a global organization with a huge base of loyal customers which is clearly projected in the increasing demand of its electronic products in the case Samsung has a talented pool of leaders and management team (samsung.com/in/ 2017). Weakness Samsung has failed to analyze the demand factors in its value chain activities Demand is not balanced with labor supply The process and policies of Samsung related to supervision, recruitment, selection, pay structure in China are flawed (theguardian.com 2017). Opportunities The Chinese labor market provides huge opportunity for Samsung to hire labor at reasonable rate to achieve cost advantage. The Chinese suppliers help Samsung build an undisrupted Supply Chain management system Threats The ethical issues can tarnish the reputation of the organization (Resick et al. 2013). The ethical issue of Samsung poses the threat to decrease the Customer Perceived Value (CPV) which can lead to decrease in sales by potential customers, thus affecting the profitability of the Company. Connections to Theoretical and Empirical Research The role of Organizational Analysis is of paramount importance to identify the shortfall of business and to develop strategies to resolve the shortfalls. The environment of workplace, the personnel and operations of an organization and workplace development can be reviewed by Organizational Analysis. Some of the models that can be adopted by a Company for organizational analysis are SWOT Analysis, Organizational Network Analysis(ONA), Strategic Triangle Model, McKinsey 7s Model, Cognitive and Meta Model(Foss, Husted and Michailova 2010). In the case of Samsung the management of the organization failed to adequately analysis the demand and supply balance in its supply chain and value chain model. The increasing demand of electronic products during product launch will require an increase supply of manpower in manufacturing facilities of Samsung; this was clearly ignored by the management of Samsung which led to poor working conditions and over-time work. Chiaburu et al. (2011), states that organizational behaviour is the study of behaviour and personality traits of individuals and groups within an organization like attitude, communications, understanding and pattern of thoughts. The ethical crisis in Samsung occurred because the needs of the employees of Samsung in manufacturing facilities of China were not in alignment with the human resource strategies of the organization (Miner 2015). Samsung did not pay any heed to the pay structure and working conditions of employees. Akta?, iek and K?yak (2011), state that areas that affect organizational effectiveness are organizational structure and design, talent management, implementation and transformation of change, development of leadership and application of smart technology to manage the human resources of an organization. In the Case of Samsung, the ethical issue in Samsung clearly reflects that the organization did not make use of modern technology to manage human resources and this led to inadequate organization al effectiveness. The performance of an organization depends on the roles of managers and leaders of the organization. Tsai (2011), illustrated that organizational culture, job satisfaction and leadership behavior are related to each other. The organizational culture and leadership play a pivotal role in directing the workplace attitude, behavior, interpersonal relationships and performance of an organization. The presence of great leaders in an organization can affect the ethical practices of an organization, the motivational level of the employees and their productivity. In the case of Samsung, the failure related to violation of labor laws can be attributed to poor management of Samsung. The strategies which the human resource management of Samsung adopted in the hiring and supervision process in China were not in alignment with the broader vision and mission statements of the organization. Thomas, Sargent and Hardy (2011), have suggested ways to manage change and dynamic process es in an organization. The operations of an organization are influenced by power, politics, conflicts and decision-making of the leaders. In the case of Samsung, the managers failed to analyze a suitable human resource recruitment strategy for employees of China in manufacturing plants to suffice the need of the increasing demand of electronics products during product launches. Analysis and Evaluation Samsung is a global organization with a talented pool of leaders and the organization already adopts a robust and ethical human resource policy for its workforce in developed countries and corporate offices. These policies should not be restricted to educated employees and should extend to the laborers who work in manufacturing facilities of Samsung in China. The ethical issues in the case have evolved only because Samsung failed to implement a robust human resource policy for the workers in China (Hassan et al. 2013). Pay structure was not adequate for Chinese workers, the laborers were below legal working age and they were subjected to physical and verbal abuse (Balliet and Van Lange 2013).Samsung should have developed a strong measure for supervision and control of its manufacturing divisions in China to ensure that labors are vested with hygienic working conditions (Pinder 2014).Samsung has failed to address the basic needs of workers like physiological and safety needs as sugges ted by Maslows Hierarchy of needs. Neither the hygiene factors of work environment like motivation from seniors, good work conditions nor adequate pay as suggested by Herzbergs Dual Factor theory were implemented by Samsung in manufacturing facilities in China(Cerasoli, Nicklin and Ford 2014). The ethical issues of the case can also be attributed to failure of Samsung to adequately manage the value chain activities, poor analysis of demand of goods and supply of labor and an overall poor management structure, laws and regulations in China (Langley et al. 2013). Samsung took relevant steps post-failure to prevent a reoccurrence and to recover the organizations stakeholders. Samsung acknowledged the crisis in violation of ethics immediately and confessed that demands in production dramatically increased in recent years, which might be the possible reason of poor working conditions in China. Samsung presented the opinion that the organization reviews its manufacturing facilities frequently to check work conditions of workers like overtime work. Samsung presented the view that demands sore high when production lines are completed which leads to the launch of new products in the market, and this high-demand might have led to poor work conditions for laborers of China(samsung.com/in/ 2017). However, Samsung tried its best to protect its reputation in the marketplace which was tarnished due to the allegations of labor exploitation in China. Samsung clearly mentioned that the organization strictly practiced zero-tolerance towards hiring of children who are below the legal working age. Samsung clearly stated that the organization will conduct audit to review the working conditions of 250 Chinese companies that play an integral part of its supply chain. Samsung mentioned that it will terminate contract with the Chinese Companies if they were found guilty of abuse of labor or violation of labor rules in China. Recommendations It can be recommended that Samsung should adopt a robust human resource management policy in developing countries for uneducated workers like it does for educated workers in corporate offices. An immediate review of the case and audit in manufacturing plants of China should be conducted by Samsung. The organization has a huge network of suppliers in China. The manufacturing divisions of the suppliers should also be adequately reviewed by Samsung. The management of Samsung should devise an adequate pay structure for its workers of China. When the basic needs of the workers are satisfied, their productivity will automatically increase. Strict legal procedures should be applied to hire workers in China who are above the legal working age. Samsung should implement strong system to supervise and monitor its recruitment and selection process in China so that workers with forged identity cards are readily identified. The monitoring and supervision process for factory workers of China should be reviewed immediately. Workers were physically and verbally abused and were not allowed to sit during working hours. Samsung should leverage and utilize its talented pool of leaders and management to devise a human resource policy that will improve the working conditions for employees in manufacturing units in China. Samsung should terminate contracts with suppliers who violate the labor laws in China. Samsung should adopt modern software and tools to predict its demand of products during launch and balance it adequately with the labor supply in China. Adopting a centralized Supply chain Management System will resolve the issue of shortage of labor in China leading to workers working overtime. Samsung should appoint supervisors in its manufacturing divisions who will be able to motivate its factory workers so that productivity increases among laborers in China. A strict control process neglecting hygiene factors at work will lead to unhappy and less productive workers. Samsung should adopt principles like Total Quality Management (TQM) and Kaizen, the Japanese process of continuous improvement to increase the productivity of workers in manufacturing facilities of China. Samsung should apologize and address all its major stakeholders, public, government and media regarding its ethical issues in China. A public apology will ensure that Samsung will be able to regain the lost Customer Perceived Value due to the ethical case in China. Conclusion It can be concluded that ethics are of prime importance for a business organization to create value for its stakeholders. Samsung should adopt the action plans to ensure that the organization does not get involved in any such ethical issues in future which can tarnish the reputation of the organization. Modern customers always prefer to stay loyal to a Company who abides by ethics, takes initiatives in activities related to Corporate Social Responsibility and is socially responsible. Thus, Samsung needs to abide by the action plan to resolve its ethical issues and regain its brand image in minds of public. The adoption of the action plan will ensure that Samsung will be able to resolve its ethical issues so that the brand image of the Company is preserved in mind of customers. Involvement in ethical cases like labor abuse and hiring workers below the labor age can decrease the sales figure and profitability of Samsung. Thus Samsung should ensure to revise its human resource policies and practices in developing nations like China. The leaders of Samsung should ensure that workers in China stay motivated and their productivity increases. The human resource strategies of Samsung adopted for manufacturing firms in China should be in alignment with the values, mission, vision and organizational culture of Samsung. Reference List Akta?, E., iek, I. and K?yak, M., 2011. The effect of organizational culture on organizational efficiency: The moderating role of organizational environment and CEO values.Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences,24, pp.1560-1573. Balliet, D. and Van Lange, P.A., 2013. Trust, conflict, and cooperation: A meta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin,139, p.1090. Cerasoli, C.P., Nicklin, J.M. and Ford, M.T., 2014. Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis.Psychological bulletin,140(4), p.980. Chiaburu, D.S., Oh, I.S., Berry, C.M., Li, N. and Gardner, R.G., 2011. The five-factor model of personality traits and organizational citizenship behaviours: a meta-analysis. Ford, R.C. and Richardson, W.D., 2013. Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature. InCitation classics from the Journal of Business Ethics(pp. 19-44). Springer Netherlands. Foss, N.J., Husted, K. and Michailova, S., 2010. Governing knowledge sharing in organizations: Levels of analysis, governance mechanisms, and research directions.Journal of Management studies,47(3), pp.455-482. Hassan, S., Mahsud, R., Yukl, G. and Prussia, G.E., 2013. Ethical and empowering leadership and leader effectiveness.Journal of Managerial Psychology,28(2), pp.133-146. Langley, A., Smallman, C., Tsoukas, H. and Van de Ven, A.H., 2013. Process studies of change in organization and management: Unveiling temporality, activity, and flow.Academy of Management Journal,56(1), pp.1-13. Miner, J.B., 2015.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Pinder, C.C., 2014.Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Resick, C.J., Hargis, M.B., Shao, P. and Dust, S.B., 2013. Ethical leadership, moral equity judgments, and discretionary workplace behavior.Human Relations,66(7), pp.951-972. Robbins, S.P. and Judge, T., 2013. Organizational behavior. samsung.com/in/. 2017.Samsung. [online] Available at: https://www.samsung.com/in/ [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. theguardian.com. (2017).Samsung ethics. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/sep/05/samsung-accused-exploiting-workers-china [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. Thomas, R., Sargent, L.D. and Hardy, C., 2011. Managing organizational change: Negotiating meaning and power-resistance relations.Organization Science,22(1), pp.22-41. Tsai, Y., 2011. Relationship between organizational culture, leadership behaviour and job satisfaction.BMC health services research,11(1), p.98.

The Complexity of International Relations

For more or less half a century, the Cold War conflict shaped international relations and to a large degree influenced the history of individual nations. The Cold War was a global conflict, but specifically it mostly involved the European nations. The cold war period took place in Central Europe. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Complexity of International Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The war had long been expected and therefore for several years Europeans on either side of the Iron Curtain were ready for a potential apocalyptic conflict, or either ready to prevent one from happening. These preparations and preventative measures, until now inadequately recognized degree, influenced their histories. International Relations in the Cold War Period (1945-1989) By far, the most momentous feature of the cold war period is its distinct international relations structure. The Second World War had complet ely ruined the multi power structure and substituted it with a new structure that was more complex, but presented a threat exceptional in the human history. The relations that had long been there in the multi-polar system in Europe had started to â€Å"decay† before the Second World War ultimately devastated it. After the Second World War, there still existed some differences between the European nations on the way forward to settlement and these disparities were the ones that brought to the fore and set the context for global divergence (Nye 159). More disparity was evident between United States and the Soviet Union who tried as much as possible not to portray their differences in public because these could turn out to be an end to the human race. Both the nations were well armed with vast nuclear arsenal capable of winding up human civilization. The two super powers tried as much as possible to nurture back the relationship that was there, and they did this by encouraging an international cooperation between nations. It was also during the same period that the United Nations developed steadily and engaged issues of soft negotiation like poverty, disease and cultural cooperation between nations. The efforts from both the super power nations and from various scholars was to ensure dominance of policy formulation on international relations, a tendency that would promote power politics through the operation of the multilateral partnerships. This may be said to be an outstanding, but quite noteworthy feature of the international relations in the cold war era. The cold war international relations started to disentangle during the 1970s and 1980s (Nye 123).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More International Relations of the 21st Century The international relations of the 21st century are manifested by ideological conflict evolution into economic and political competition. Innovative ideologies have materialized to swap the traditional ideology of Marxism and Capitalism. In light of the above, it has also resulted to a relationship between the Asian nations where there is a possibility of playing a role in the economic, political, and cultural context. The same trend has come into sight in Asia regardless of the economic crisis that had been cut short because of the dominance of Asia coming into birth to replace Western domination in the region. As an outcome, Asian countries have a significant position in world politics and economy (Nye 185). However, there is a significant change in the contemporary world, as opposed to the cold war period where nations also nurtured relations that had equal powers. Currently, globalization is very dynamic; International relations are not determined by how strong a nation is, but instead the cooperation between nations. Globalization, in the first place is rendering centralization concept a n irrelevant, in which the cold era war was built. There is an increase in the political integration between nations, from Africa to Europe. Economic interdependent between nations have also been enhanced and the growing global nature of the multinational cooperation has greatly undermined the ability of the states to have an entire control over its domestic economy and economic relations. Social integration is also a great force that has put forth some pressure on the conventional conception of the state. The state can no longer hide under the veil in pursuit of cultural ‘purity’. Furthermore, the international relations have also enhanced questioning of the member states in case of any emergence of the sociological problems that may be posed by a weakened state (Vogel 235).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Complexity of International Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Nye, Joseph. Understanding International Conflicts: An Introduction to Theory and History. 3rd ed. Chicago: University Press, 2000. Print. Nye, Joseph. Power and Interdependence in the Information Age in Understanding International Conflicts. Chicago: Cengage, 2000. Print. Vogel, Ezra F. Living with China: U.S.-China Relations in the Twenty-First Century. California: University Press, 1997. Print. This essay on The Complexity of International Relations was written and submitted by user Iker Klein to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Argument Structure in English Grammar

Argument Structure in English Grammar The word argument in  linguistics  does not have the same meaning as that word in common usage. When used in relation to grammar and writing, an argument is any expression or syntactic element in a sentence that serves to complete the meaning of the verb. In other words, it expands on whats being expressed by the verb and is not a term that implies controversy, as common usage does. Read about the more traditional sense of argument as a rhetorical term  here. In English, a verb typically requires from one to three arguments. The number of arguments required by a verb is the valency of that verb. In addition to the predicate and its arguments, a sentence may contain optional elements called adjuncts. According to Kenneth L. Hale and Samuel Jay Keyser in 2002s Prolegomenon to a Theory of Argument Structure,  argument structure is determined by properties of lexical items, in particular, by the syntactic configurations in which they must appear.   Examples and Observations on Argument Structure Verbs are the glue that holds clauses together. As elements that encode events, verbs are associated with a core set of ​semantic participants that take part in the event. Some of a verbs semantic participants, although not necessarily all, are mapped to roles that are syntactically relevant in the clause, such as subject or direct object; these are the arguments of the verb. For example, in John kicked the ball, John and the ball are semantic participants of the verb kick, and they are also its core syntactic arguments - the subject and the direct object, respectively. Another semantic participant, foot, is also understood, but it is not an argument; rather, it is incorporated directly into the meaning of the verb. The array of participants associated with verbs and other predicates, and how these participants are mapped to syntax, are the focus of the study of argument structure. -   Melissa Bowerman and Penelope Brown, Crosslinguistic Perspectives on Argument Structure: Implications for Learnability (2008) Arguments in Construction GrammarEach part of a complex construction has a relation to some other part of the construction in construction grammar. The relations between parts of a construction are all cast in terms of predicate-argument relations. For example, in Heather sings, Heather is the argument and sings is the predicate. The predicate-argument relation is symbolic, that is, both syntactic and semantic. Semantically a predicate is relational, that is, inherently relates to one or more additional concepts. In Heather sings, singing inherently involves a singer. The semantic arguments of a predicate are the concepts to which the predicate relates, in this case, Heather. Syntactically, a predicate requires a certain number of arguments in specific grammatical functions to it: sing requires an argument in the subject grammatical function. And syntactically, arguments are related to the predicate by a grammatical function: in this case, Heather is the subject of sings. -   Willi am Croft and D. Alan Cruse, Cognitive Linguistics  (2004) ExceptionsNote the unusual behavior of the verb rain, which neither requires nor permits any arguments at all, except for the dummy subject it,  as in Its raining. This verb arguably has a valency of zero. -   R.K. Trask, Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts  Ã‚  (2007)Conflicts Between Constructional Meaning and Lexical MeaningIn cognitive linguistics, it is generally assumed that grammatical constructions are carriers of meaning independent of the lexical items they contain. The lexical items used in a construction, especially the meanings of the verb and its argument structure, have to be fitted into the construction frame, but there are cases where a conflict between constructional meaning and lexical meaning arises. Two interpretive strategies emerge in such cases: Either the utterance is rejected as uninterpretable (semantically anomalous) or the semantic and/or syntactic conflict is resolved by a meaning shift or coercion. In general, the construction imposes its m eaning on the verb meaning. For example, the ditransitive construction in English exemplified in Mary gave Bill the ball is in semantic and syntactic conflict with the syntax and meaning of the ditransitive construction. The resolution of this conflict consists in a semantic shift: the basically transitive verb kick is construed ditransitively and coerced into the interpretation cause to receive by means of hitting with the foot. This meaning shift is possible because there are an independently motivated conceptual metonymy  means of action for action that makes the intended interpretation available to the hearer even if he or she has never before encountered the use of kick in the ditransitive construction.  Klaus-Uwe Panther and Linda L. Thornburg, The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics (2007)

Hazardous Household Chemicals inside the Cell Essay Example

Hazardous Household Chemicals inside the Cell Essay Example Hazardous Household Chemicals inside the Cell Paper Hazardous Household Chemicals inside the Cell Paper Rapid industrialization and consumerism have facilitated the humans to possess a variety of household products and consumer appliances that have, apparently, made life comfortable. However, these household products also have hazardous chemicals that enter the human cells through adsorption and absorption. Food and even drinking water are contaminated with toxic chemicals since they come into contact with plastics and metals that are sources to deadly arsenic, mercury, lead, and cadmium, which are well-known to cause cancer, and congenital as well as cognitive defects (McCormick, 2009). Similarly, mineral oil, petrolatum, and propylene glycol, which are used in cosmetics, can cause the skin to become unhealthy due to retention of toxic under the skin by these dangerous chemicals (Maehr, n.d.). What is the benefit of using such cosmetics that beautify the skin temporarily but cause permanent damage to the skin? : Floor cleaners contain pine oil, petroleum distillates, and naphtha, which have harmful effects on the human cells and the body because their inhalation can cause irritation of eyes and mucous membrane, and in the worse case, they could lead to cardiac arrest, coma, and fatal pulmonary edema (Home Air Purifier Expert, n.d.). It is clear that the hazardous chemicals used in the household products by the humans are not giving comfort, but they are causing allergies and life threatening diseases. The list of hazardous chemicals found in the human cells also include fire retarding chemicals found in fabric and furniture, and phthalates used in plastic packaging of food products (National Geographic, 2006). Is it safe to consume food in toxic plastic wraps? Similarly, it was reported that lead used in paints and toys was a major cause of retarded mental growth and behavioral problems in children (National Geographic, 2006). Hence, it is evident that the household products contain toxic chemicals that cause fatal diseases in children, adults as well as elderly, and their consumption should be minimized. References Home Air Purifier Expert. (n.d.). Retrieved May 22, 2010, from home-air-purifier-expert.com/household-chemical.html#Sodium%20Carbonate Maehr, J.T. (n.d.). Undesirable ingredients in your personal care products. Retrieved May 22, 2010, from http://purehealthsystems.com/chemicals.html McCormick, L.W. (2009). Report Finds Toxins Common in Products for Children, Pets.   Consumer Affairs. Retrieved May 22, 2010, from consumeraffairs.com/news04/2009/09/toxins.html National Geographic. (2006). Chemical within us. Retrieved May 22, 2010, from healthedcorp.com/documents/National_Geographic_Toxic_People_2006.pdf

Coca-Cola SCM Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Coca-Cola SCM - Case Study Example It is a functional system that comprises the running of the source materials’ movement into the business, various scenarios of how the products and services are produced, and the management of how the services and the products are delivered to the customer. Hence, functions like obtaining source materials, and the ownership of distribution mechanisms are passed on to other businesses that are specialised with these functions. The regulation of the day to day logistics by the parent business is decreased, while, the number of business partners increases. Supply chain management enhances the speed of the movement of products and goods and minimises the cost. It enables the management of the inventory, transport, supply, customer service, and the distribution (Lambert, 2008). The Coca-Cola Company produces a variety of soft-drinks. Its headquarters is in Atlanta. The company produces the syrups that are used to produce the various soft drinks and sells them to bottlers around the world. It has an estimated 3,500 types of soft drinks under its name. Soft drinks are beverages that contain no alcohol, but are carbonated, have sweeteners and are of different flavours (The Coca-Cola Company, 2011). The Carbon (IV) oxide gives soft drinks their unique taste while the sweeteners provide the calories. Over the years, Coca-Cola has continually produced different soft drinks under various brands totalling to over 500 in nearly every country around the world. The old supply chain management of Coca-Cola Company involved several stages. It included the internal supply chain, the distribution and logistics network, the supply network, and finally to the customers. The internal supply chain was composed of production of the various beverages that it produces, the sourcing of the ingredients, the distribution to its business partners, marketing and sales, and the accounting of all the finances. The marketing and sale of its products have been characterised